Correct Answer: C. (Encourage the patient to increase his fluid intake, use non-irritating soap when bathing the patient, and apply lotion to the involved areas). Dry skin will eventually crack, ranking the patient more prone to infection. To prevent this, the nurse should provide adequate hydration through fluid intake, use non irritating soaps or no soap when bathing the patient, and lubricate the patient’s skin with lotion. In most cases, dry skin responds well to lifestyle measures, such as using moisturizers and avoiding long, hot showers and baths. Moisturizers provide a seal over the skin to keep water from escaping. Apply moisturizer several times a day and after bathing.

Correct Answer: C. (Increases venous blood return). Washing from distal to proximal areas stimulates venous blood flow, thereby preventing venous stasis. Good personal hygiene is essential for skin health but it also has an important role in maintaining self-esteem and quality of life. Supporting patients to maintain personal hygiene is a fundamental aspect of nursing care.

Correct Answer: B. (Rapid eye movement (REM) stage). Other characteristics of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep are deep sleep (the patient cannot be awakened easily), depressed muscle tone, and possibly irregular heart and respiratory rates. This is the stage associated with dreaming. Interestingly, the EEG is similar to an awake individual, but the skeletal muscles are atonic and without movement. The exception is the eye and diaphragmatic breathing muscles, which remain active. The breathing rate is altered though, being more erratic and irregular. This stage usually starts 90 minutes after falling asleep, and each of the REM cycles gets longer throughout the night. The first period typically lasts 10 minutes, and the final one can last up to an hour.

Correct Answer: D. (Tryptophan). Tryptophan is a natural sedative; flurazepam (Dalmane), temazepam (Restoril), and methotrimeprazine (Levoprome) are hypnotic sedatives. Protein foods such as milk and milk products contain the sleep-inducing amino acid tryptophan. Having warm milk at bedtime is a good way to work towards reaching the recommended number of servings of Milk and Alternatives each day, and can be a comforting way to unwind. Tryptophan is an amino acid that promotes sleep and is found in small amounts in all protein foods. It is a precursor to the sleep-inducing compounds serotonin (a neurotransmitter), and melatonin (a hormone which also acts as a neurotransmitter).

Correct Answer: A. (Have the patient take a 30- to 60-minute nap in the afternoon). Napping in the afternoon is not conducive to nighttime sleeping. There are few considerations about naps. For example, a short daytime nap of 15-30 minutes can be restorative for elders and will not interfere with nighttime sleep. On the other hand, insomniacs are cautioned to avoid naps. Quiet music, watching television, reading, and massage usually will relax the patient, helping him to fall asleep.

Correct Answer: D. (Prevent a patient from becoming confused or disoriented). By restricting a patient’s movements, restraints may increase stress and lead to confusion, rather than prevent it. Restraints in a medical setting are devices that limit a patient’s movement. Restraints can help keep a person from getting hurt or doing harm to others, including their caregivers. They are used as a last resort. The other choices are valid reasons for using restraints.

Correct Answer: D. (All of the above). When applying restraints, the nurse must document the type of behavior that prompted her to use them, document the type of restraints used, and obtain a physician’s written order for the restraints. Nurses are accountable for providing, facilitating, advocating and promoting the best possible patient care and to take action when patient safety and well-being are compromised, including when deciding to apply restraints.

Correct Answer: C. (Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance). Kubler-Ross’s five successive stages of death and dying are denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. The patient may move back and forth through the different stages as he and his family members react to the process of dying, but he usually goes through all of these stages to reach acceptance.

Correct Answer: C. (Numbness). Numbness is typical of the depression stage, when the patient feels a great sense of loss. Depression is perhaps the most immediately understandable of Kubler-Ross’s stages and patients experience it with unsurprising symptoms such as sadness, fatigue, and anhedonia. Spending time in the first three stages is potentially an unconscious effort to protect oneself from this emotional pain, and, while the patient’s actions may potentially be easier to understand, they may be more jarring in juxtaposition to behaviors arising from the first three stages.

Correct Answer: C. (Reflecting on the significance of death). According to thanatologists, reflecting on the significance of death helps to reduce the fear of death and enables the health care provider to better understand the terminally ill patient’s feelings. It also helps to overcome the belief that medical and nursing measures have failed, when a patient cannot be cured. Thanatology is the science and study of death and dying from multiple perspectives—medical, physical, psychological, spiritual, ethical, and more.

Correct Answer: C. (Fixed, dilated pupils). Fixed, dilated pupils are a sign of imminent death. Death is a part of natural life; however, society is notorious for being uncomfortable with death and dying as a topic on the whole. Many caregivers experience a level of burden from their duties during end-of-life care. This burden is multi-faceted and may include performing medical tasks, communicating with providers, decision-making and possibly anticipating the grief of impending loss.

Correct Answer: B. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) The Center of Disease Control (CDC) publishes and frequently updates guidelines on caring for patients who require isolation. CDC is responsible for controlling the introduction and spread of infectious diseases, and provides consultation and assistance to other nations and international agencies to assist in improving their disease prevention and control, environmental health, and health promotion activities.

Correct Answer: A. (Organism’s mode of transmission). Before instituting isolation precaution, the nurse must first determine the organism’s mode of transmission. For example, an organism transmitted through nasal secretions requires that the patient be kept in respiratory isolation, which involves keeping the patient in a private room with the door closed and wearing a mask, a gown, and gloves when coming in direct contact with the patient.

Correct Answer: C. (Have the patient expectorate the sputum into a sterile container). Placing the specimen in a sterile container ensures that it will not become contaminated. A sputum specimen is obtained for culture to identify the microorganism responsible for lung infections; identify cancer cells shed by lung tumors; or aid in the diagnosis and management of occupational lung diseases. The other answers are incorrect because they do not mention sterility and because antiseptic mouthwash could destroy the organism to be cultured (before sputum collection, the patient may use only tap water for nursing the mouth).

Correct Answer: D. (Pressurized steam penetrates the supplies better). An autoclave, an apparatus that sterilizes equipment by means of high-temperature pressurized steam, is used because it can destroy all forms of microorganisms, including spores. Autoclaves operate at high temperature and pressure in order to kill microorganisms and spores. They are used to decontaminate certain biological waste and sterilize media, instruments, and labware.

Correct Answer: C. (Gently pull just below the cuff and invert the gloves when removing them). Turning the gloves inside out while removing them keeps all contaminants inside the gloves. They should then be placed in a plastic bag with soiled dressings and discarded in a soiled utility room garbage pail (double bagged). The other choices can spread pathogens within the environment.

Correct Answer: C. (Phlebitis). Tenderness, warmth, swelling, and, in some instances, a burning sensation are signs and symptoms of phlebitis. Superficial phlebitis affects veins on the skin surface. The condition is rarely serious and, with proper care, usually resolves rapidly. Sometimes people with superficial phlebitis also get deep vein thrombophlebitis, so a medical evaluation is necessary.

Correct Answer: B. (Roll the vial gently between the palms). Gently rolling a sealed vial between the palms produces sufficient heat to enhance dissolution of a powdered medication.

Correct Answer: C. (Check the syringe to verify that the nurse has removed the prescribed insulin dose). When the nurse teaches the patient to prepare an insulin injection, the patient’s first priority is to validate the dose accuracy. The next steps are to select the site, assess the site, and clean the site with alcohol before injecting the insulin.

Correct Answer: A. (25 gtt/minute). When you have an order for an IV infusion, it is the nurse’s responsibility to make sure the fluid will infuse at the prescribed rate. IV fluids may be infused by gravity using a manual roller clamp or dial-a-flow, or infused using an infusion pump. Regardless of the method, it is important to know how to calculate the correct IV flow rate.

Correct Answer: A. (0.5 ml). There are 3 primary methods for calculation of medication dosages; Dimensional Analysis, Ratio Proportion, and Formula or Desired Over Have Method. Desired Over Have or Formula Method uses a formula or equation to solve for an unknown quantity (x) much like ratio proportion.

Correct Answer: B. (Draw up the regular insulin, then the NPH insulin, in the same syringe). Drugs that are compatible may be mixed together in one syringe. In the case of insulin, the shorter-acting, clear insulin (regular) should be drawn up before the longer-acting, cloudy insulin (NPH) to ensure accurate measurements.

Correct Answer: C. (Observe the emesis). After a patient has vomited, the nurse must inspect the emesis to document color, consistency, and amount. Nausea or vomiting is another commonly seen adverse effect that is expected to diminish the following days to weeks of continued codeine exposure. Antiemetic therapies, in oral and rectal formulations, are available for the treatment of nausea or vomiting.

Correct Answer: B. (His 24-hour output is adequate). A 24-hour urine output of less than 500 ml in an adult is considered inadequate and may indicate kidney failure. This must be corrected while the patient is in the acute state so that appropriate fluids, electrolytes, and medications can be administered and excreted. Indwelling catheterization is not needed to diagnose trauma, urinary tract infection, or residual urine.

Correct Answer: B. (Making changes after evaluating the situation and having discussions with the staff). A new assistant nurse manager should not make changes until she has had a chance to evaluate staff members, patients, and physicians. Changes must be planned thoroughly and should be based on a need to improve conditions, not just for the sake of change.

Correct Answer: B. (Sensory deficits). Sensory deficits could cause a geriatric patient to have difficulty retaining knowledge about prescribed medications. Age-related decline of the five classical senses (vision, smell, hearing, touch, and taste) poses significant burdens on older adults. The co-occurrence of multiple sensory deficits in older adults is not well characterized and may reflect a common mechanism resulting in global sensory impairment.

Correct Answer: C. (The symptomatic quadrant last). The nurse should systematically assess all areas of the abdomen, if time and the patient’s condition permit, concluding with the symptomatic area. Otherwise, the nurse may elicit pain in the symptomatic area, causing the muscles in other areas to tighten. This would interfere with further assessment.

Correct Answer: C. (Patient’s description of pain). Subjective data come directly from the patient and usually are recorded as direct quotations that reflect the patient’s opinions or feelings about a situation. Subjective data provide clues to possible physiologic, psychological, and sociologic problems. They also provide the nurse with information that may reveal a client’s risk for a problem as well as areas of strengths for the client. The information is obtained through interviewing. Vital signs, laboratory test results, and ECG waveforms are examples of objective data.

Correct Answer: C. (Cool, pale fingers). A safety device on the wrist may impair circulation and restrict blood supply to body tissues. Therefore, the nurse should assess the patient for signs of impaired circulation, such as cool, pale fingers. A palpable radial or lunar pulse and pink nail beds are normal findings.

Correct Answer: A. (Frontal plane). Frontal or coronal plane runs longitudinally at a right angle to a sagittal plane dividing the body in anterior and posterior regions. The coronal plane or frontal plane (vertical) divides the body into dorsal and ventral (back and front, or posterior and anterior) portions. An anatomical plane is a hypothetical plane used to transect the body, in order to describe the location of structures or the direction of movements.

Correct Answer: A. (Shock dismay). Shock and dismay are early signs of denial-the first stage of grief. Denial is a common defense mechanism used to protect oneself from the hardship of considering an upsetting reality. Kubler-Ross noted that after the initial shock of receiving a terminal diagnosis, patients would often reject the reality of the new information. The other options are associated with depression—a later stage of grief.

Correct Answer: B. (Helps the patient dangle the legs). After placing the patient in High Fowler’s position and moving the patient to the side of the bed, the nurse helps the patient sit on the edge of the bed and dangle the legs; the nurse then faces the patient and places the chair next to and facing the head of the bed.

Correct Answer: D. (Demonstrating the procedure and having the patient return the demonstration). Demonstrating by the nurse with a return demonstration by the patient ensures that the patient can perform wound care correctly. One of the leading causes of medical errors in the United States is miscommunication between patients and providers. When patients with limited English proficiency (LEP) cannot adequately communicate their needs, they are less likely to comply with medical instructions and receive vital services.

Correct Answer: A. (Discard the syringe to avoid a medication error). As a safety precaution, the nurse should discard an unlabeled syringe that contains medication. The other options are considered unsafe because they promote error.

Correct Answer: B. (Aging-related physiological changes). Aging-related physiological changes account for the increased frequency of adverse drug reactions in geriatric patients. ADEs are estimated to be indicated in 5% to 28% of acute geriatric medical admissions. Preventable ADEs are among one of the serious consequences of inappropriate medication use in older adults.

Correct Answer: B. (Educator). When teaching a patient about medications before discharge, the nurse is acting as an educator. They provide educational leadership to patients and care providers to enhance specialized patient care within established healthcare settings. Assists patients and caregivers with educational needs, problem resolution, and health management across the continuum of care.

Correct Answer: D. (“Let’s talk about what’s bothering you.”) Anxiety may result from feelings of helplessness, isolation, or insecurity. This response helps reduce anxiety by encouraging the patient to express feelings. The nurse should be supportive and develop goals together with the patient to give the patient some control over an anxiety-inducing situation. Because the other options ignore the patient’s feelings and block communication, they would not reduce anxiety.

Correct Answer: C. (Handling surgical instruments to the surgeon). The scrub nurse assists the surgeon by providing appropriate surgical instruments and supplies, maintaining strict surgical asepsis and, with the circulating nurse, accounting for all gauze, sponges, needles, and instruments. The circulating nurse assists the surgeon and scrub nurse, positions the patient, applies appropriate equipment and surgical drapes, assists with gowning and gloving, and provides the surgeon and scrub nurse with supplies.

Correct Answer: C. (Return shortly to the patient’s room and remain there until the patient takes the medication). The nurse should return shortly to the patient’s room and remain there until the patient takes the medication to verify that it was taken as directed. With the growing reliance on medication therapy as the primary intervention for most illnesses, patients receiving medication interventions are exposed to potential harm as well as benefits. Benefits are effective management of the illness/disease, slowed progression of the disease, and improved patient outcomes with few if any errors. Harm from medications can arise from unintended consequences as well as medication error (wrong medication, wrong time, wrong dose, etc.).

Correct Answer: C. (¾ ml). The nurse solves the problem as follows: 10,000 units/7,500 units = 1 ml/X **** 10,000 X = 7,500 **** X= 7,500/10,000 or ¾ ml

To convert Fahrenheit degrees to centigrade, use this formula: C degrees = (F degrees – 32) x 5/9 **** C degrees = (102 – 32) 5/9 **** + 70 x 5/9 **** 38.9 degrees C

Correct Answer: D. (Arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis). All of these tests help evaluate a patient with respiratory problems. However, ABG analysis is the only test that evaluates gas exchange in the lungs, providing information about a patient’s oxygenation status. An acceptable normal range of ABG values of ABG components are the following,[5][6] noting that the range of normal values may vary among laboratories, and in different age groups from neonates to geriatrics: pH (7.35-7.45) PaO2 (75-100 mmHg) PaCO2 (35-45 mmHg).

Correct Answer: B. (The diaphragm detects high-pitched sounds best). The diaphragm of a stethoscope detects high-pitched sound best; the bell detects low pitched sounds best. Palpation detects thrills best. The bell is flat and round and is covered by a thin layer of plastic known as the diaphragm. The diaphragm vibrates as sound is produced within the body. These vibrations travel from the bell, up the hollow tube which splits into two, and into hollow earpieces to be heard as sound by the medical professional.

Correct Answer: C. (Within 6 months). In most cases, an outpatient must fill a prescription for a controlled substance within 6 months of the date on which the prescription was written. A common reason people seek the care of medical professionals is pain relief. While many categories of pain medications are available, opioid analgesics are FDA-approved for moderate to severe pain. As such, they are a common choice for patients with acute, cancer-related, neurologic, and end-of-life pain. The prescribing of opioid analgesics for chronic pain is controversial and fraught with inconclusive standards.

Correct Answer: D. (The patient’s cognitive abilities). The nurse must consider the patient’s cognitive abilities to understand drug instructions. If not, the nurse must find a family member or significant other to take on the responsibility of administering medications in the home setting. The patient’s ability to recover, occupational hazards, and socioeconomic status do not affect drug administration.

Correct Answer: A. (Primary prevention). Primary prevention precedes disease and applies to healthy patients. Primary prevention includes those preventive measures that come before the onset of illness or injury and before the disease process begins. Examples include immunization and taking regular exercise to prevent health problems from developing in the future.

Correct Answer: A. (Leaves the bed in the high position when finished). When making a surgical bed, the nurse leaves the bed in a high position when finished. After placing the top linens on the bed without pouching them, the nurse fan folds these linens to the side opposite from where the patient will enter and places the pillow on the bedside chair. All these actions promote transfer of the postoperative patient from the stretcher to the bed.

Correct Answer: C. ½ ml The nurse should give ½ ml of the drug. The dosage is calculated as follows: 250 mg/X=500 mg/1 ml **** 500x=250 **** X=1/2 ml

Correct Answer: C. (Potential for drug dependence). Patients can become dependent on barbiturates, especially with prolonged use. Due to the abuse potential of barbiturates, restricted access started with the passage of the Federal Comprehensive Drug Abuse and Control Act of 1970. Barbiturates classify as Schedule II-IV based on their abuse potential.

Correct Answer: A. (Elevating the head of the bed). Elevating the head of the bed during enteral feeding minimizes the risk of aspiration and allows the formula to flow in the patient’s intestines. Lying prone/supine during feeding increases the risk of aspiration and therefore where clinically possible the client should be placed in an upright position. If unable to sit up for a bolus feed or if receiving continuous feeding, the head of the bed should be elevated 30-45 degrees during feeding and for at least 30 minutes after the feed to reduce the risk of aspiration.

Correct Answer: C. (Floor of the mouth). The nurse should instruct the patient to touch the tip of the tongue to the roof of the mouth and then place the sublingual tablet on the floor of the mouth. Sublingual medications are absorbed directly into the bloodstream from the oral mucosa, bypassing the GI and hepatic systems. No drug is administered on top of the tongue or on the roof of the mouth.

Correct Answer: A. (Cleaning from the center outward in a circular motion). The nurse always should clean around a wound drain, moving from center outward in ever-larger circles, because the skin near the drain site is more contaminated than the site itself. A Jackson-Pratt (JP) drain is used to remove fluids that build up in an area of the body after surgery. The JP drain is a bulb-shaped device connected to a tube. One end of the tube is placed inside the client during surgery. The other end comes out through a small cut in the skin. The bulb is connected to this end. The client may have a stitch to hold the tube in place.

Correct Answer: C. (32 drop per minute). Giving 1,000 ml over 8 hours is the same as giving 125 ml over 1 hour (60 minutes) to find the number of milliliters per minute: 125/60 min = X/1 minute **** 60X = 125X = 2.1 ml/minute **** To find the number of drops/minute: 2.1 ml/X gtts = 1 ml/15 gtts **** X = 32 gtts/minute, or 32 drops/minute ****

Correct Answer: A. (Restlessness). Early in shock, hyperactivity of the sympathetic nervous system causes increased epinephrine secretion, which typically makes the patient restless, anxious, nervous, and irritable. It also decreases tissue perfusion to the skin, causing pale, cool clammy skin. Shock is characterized by decreased oxygen delivery and/or increased oxygen consumption or inadequate oxygen utilization leading to cellular and tissue hypoxia. It is a life-threatening condition of circulatory failure and most commonly manifested as hypotension (systolic blood pressure less than 90 mm Hg or MAP less than 65 mmHg).

Correct Answer: D. (Carotid). During a rapid assessment, the nurse’s first priority is to check the patient’s vital functions by assessing his airway, breathing, and circulation. To check a patient’s circulation, the nurse must assess his heart and vascular network function. This is done by checking his skin color, temperature, mental status and, most importantly, his pulse. The nurse should use the carotid artery to check a patient’s circulation.

Correct Answer: A. (Constipation). Habitually ignoring the urge to defecate can lead to constipation through loss of the natural urge and the accumulation of feces. Functional constipation is a prevalent condition in childhood, about 29.6% worldwide. In the United States, it represents 3% to 5% of pediatric visits and a considerable annual health care cost. Most children do not have an etiological factor, and one third continue to have problems beyond adolescence.

Correct Answer: B. (“I need to take a laxative such as milk of magnesium or if I don’t have a BM every day”). Stimulant laxatives can be very irritating and are not the preferred treatment for occasional constipation in older adults. In addition, a normal stool pattern for an older adult may not be daily elimination. The cause of constipation is multifactorial. The problem may arise in the colon or rectum or it may be due to an external cause. In most people, slow colonic motility that occurs after years of laxative abuse is the problem. In a few patients, the cause may be related to an outlet obstruction like rectal prolapse or a rectocele. External causes of constipation may include poor dietary habits, lack of fluid intake, overuse of certain medications, an endocrine problem like hypothyroidism or some type of an emotional issue.

Correct Answer: D. (Low, small volume). Small volume enemas along with other preparations are used to prepare the client for this procedure. The small volume enema is used to clean the lower portion of the colon or the sigmoid. This type of cleansing enema is often used for the patient who is constipated but does not need cleansing of the higher colon. The amount used is less than 500 ml and the bag is raised no higher than 12 inches.

Correct Answer: C. (The stoma color is a deep red purple). An established stoma should be dark pink like the color of the buccal mucosa and is slightly raised above the abdomen. A stoma is the exteriorization of a loop of bowel from the anterior abdominal wall, done during a surgical procedure. It is done for diversion or decompression of the remaining bowel. It may be temporary or permanent, depending on the indication for which it was performed. Most stomas are incontinent, which means that there is no voluntary control over the passage of flatus and feces from the stoma.

Correct Answer: B. (The client will return to his or her previous fecal elimination pattern). Once the cause of diarrhea has been identified and corrected, the client returns to his or her previous elimination pattern. Diarrhea is a common adverse effect of antibiotic treatments. Antibiotic-associated diarrhea occurs in about 5-30% of patients either early during antibiotic therapy or up to two months after the end of the treatment. The frequency of antibiotic-associated diarrhea depends on the definition of diarrhea, the inciting antimicrobial agents, and host factors.

Correct Answer: B. (After assessing the stoma and surrounding skin, notify the surgeon). The client has assessment findings consistent with complications of surgery. Providers and nurses should monitor stomas at regular intervals to look for the multiple complications of colostomies as an integrated team approach. Some complications are extremely troublesome to patients, and they come to the hospital with these presentations, but others may be more occult and have to be looked for.

Correct Answer: C. (Return flow). This provides relief of postoperative flatus, stimulating bowel motility. Options one, two, and four manage constipation and do not provide flatus relief. A return-flow enema, or Harris flush, is used to remove intestinal gas and stimulate peristalsis. A large volume fluid is used but the fluid is instilled in 100-200 ml increments. Then, the fluid is drawn out by lowering the container below the level of the bowel. This brings the flatus out with the fluid.

Correct Answer: C. (Semi soft tar colored stools). Blood in the upper GI tract is black and tarry. Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding is a symptom of a disorder in the digestive tract. The blood often appears in stool or vomit but isn’t always visible, though it may cause the stool to look black or tarry. The level of bleeding can range from mild to severe and can be life-threatening.

Correct Answer: (A, C, D, and E). Incontinence is the inability to control feces of normal consistency. Fecal incontinence (FI) is the involuntary passage of fecal matter through anus or inability to control the discharge of bowel contents. Its severity can range from an involuntary passage of flatus to complete evacuation of fecal matter. Depending on the severity of the disease, it has a significant impact on a patient’s quality of life

Correct Answer: A. (Has a spinal cord injury). A fracture bedpan has a low back that promotes function of the patient’s lower back while on the bedpan. The fracture pan has one flat end for ease of use with specific patient populations: i.e. hip fractures, hip replacements, or lower extremity fractures. Using the toilet may be a source of discomfort and embarrassment among all genders. Semi-private rooms or shared wards and hospital overcrowding are a challenge regarding patient privacy.

Correct Answer: D. (Kale). Kale is an excellent source of dietary fiber. A serving of 3 1/2 ounces of kale contains 6.6 g of dietary fiber. Fiber is a very important component of our diet and comes from plant-based food sources (fruits, vegetables, legumes and whole grains). Different food sources contain different types of fiber and resistant starches and the side effects depend on the individual’s microbiome (gut bacteria). Instead of avoiding fiber altogether, you may want to identify the certain types of food that cause the distress.

Correct Answer: C. (“I’m going to have to irrigate my stoma so I have a bowel movement every morning”) This statement is inaccurate in relation to an ileostomy and indicates that the patient needs more teaching. An ileostomy produces liquid fecal drainage that is constant and cannot be regulated. An ileostomy is when the lumen of the ileum (small bowel) is brought through the abdominal wall via a surgical opening (created by an operation). This can either be temporary or permanent, an end or a loop. The purpose of an ileostomy is to evacuate stool from the body via the ileum rather than the usual route of the anus.

Correct Answer: D. (Lower the solution container after instilling about 150 mL of solution). Lowering the container of solution creates a siphon effect that pulls the instilled fluid back out through the rectal tube into the solution container. The return flow promotes the evacuation of gas from the intestines. This technique is used only with a return flow enema. This action is appropriate for all types of enemas.

Correct Answer: B. (Dysrhythmias). Straining on defecation requires the person to hold the breath while bearing down. This maneuver increases the intrathoracic and intracranial pressures, which can precipitate dysrhythmias, brain attack, and respiratory difficulties; all of these can be life threatening. Strain at stool causes blood pressure rise, which can trigger cardiovascular events such as congestive heart failure, arrhythmia, acute coronary disease, and aortic dissection.

Correct Answer: D. (The specimen cannot be contaminated with urine). For fecal occult blood testing at home, the stool specimens cannot be contaminated with water or urine. The fecal occult blood test (FOBT) is a diagnostic test to assess for occult blood in the stool. This test has commonly been used for colorectal cancer screening, especially in developed nations. When used correctly for screening, this testing modality has established associations with decreased morbidity and mortality. When performing at home, the stool should be collected in a dry, clean container.

Correct Answer: B. (Fresh food and whole-wheat toast). A high fiber diet promotes normal bowel elimination. The choice of fruit and toast is the highest-fiber option. Most Americans consume only half the levels of recommended fiber per day, which is almost 15 grams per day. All existing definitions recognize fiber as “carbohydrate or lignin which bypasses digestion in the small intestine and is partially or completely fermented in the large intestine or colon.”

Correct Answer: (B, C, and D). Diarrhea is described as three or more loose or watery stools a day. Infection commonly causes acute diarrhea. Noninfectious etiologies are more common as the duration of diarrhea becomes chronic. Treatment and management are based on the duration and specific etiology. Rehydration therapy is an important aspect of the management of any patient with diarrhea. Prevention of infectious diarrhea includes proper handwashing to prevent the spread of infection.

Correct Answer: (A, B, and C). Enemas are rectal injections of fluid intended to cleanse or stimulate the emptying of the bowel. Enemas can be administered by a medical professional or self-administered at home. Enemas may also be prescribed to flush out the colon before certain diagnostic tests or surgeries. The bowel needs to be empty before these procedures to reduce infection risk and prevent stool from getting in the way.

Correct Answer: D. (Lower the enema fluid container). To relieve the client’s discomfort, the nurse should slow the rate of installation by reducing the height of the enema solution container. An enema may be helpful when there is a problem forming or passing stool. The colon, also called the large intestine or large bowel, is a long, hollow organ in the abdomen. It plays an important role in digestion by removing water from digested material and forming feces (stool). In some circumstances, due to diet, medical condition, or medication, among other possible causes, the bowel may form stool that is hard to pass easily resulting in constipation.

Correct Answer: D. (Cyanosis). A bluish tinge to mucous membranes is called cyanosis. This is most accurate because it is what the nurse observes. Cyanosis refers to a bluish cast to the skin and mucous membranes. Peripheral cyanosis is when there is a bluish discoloration to the hands or feet. It’s usually caused by low oxygen levels in the red blood cells or problems getting oxygenated blood to the body.